There are several ways in which writers use direct characterization in a story, but the most common way is that they will take time to describe each character in detail.
They are: to demilitarize Antarctica, to establish it as a zone free of nuclear tests and the disposal of radioactive waste, and to ensure that it is used for peaceful purposes only; to promote international scientific cooperation in Antarctica; to set aside disputes over territorial sovereignty
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I`m assuming the underlined word is dearth, so
the answer is a. shortage
