Natural law is the higher order positive law which emerged from the philosophers of ancient age. Stoic reformers believed that law of nature is the supreme law which connects man and nature to live in harmony with each other.
Aristotle says that though man perceives things and frames laws to live an orderly life, the natural law is universal and a common law exists which is divine.
Natural rights are the rights which are believed to be inherited by birth of a man. These are natural birth rights and they are the base for the founding fathers to frame the US Constitution.
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City-state, a political system consisting of an independent city having sovereignty over contiguous territory and serving as a centre and leader of political, economic, and cultural life.
(I don't know how it spreaded though, sorry :<)
It would be "d. eight-hour days" that was not a problem faced by workers in nineteenth century mills or mines, since legislation advocating for strict working hours did not come about until the Progressive Era.