Answer: Positive sanction
Explanation:
Positive sanction in term of sociology is defined as reward, applause or positive comments that is given by the social community of any person for good deeds and obedient behavior. It is done for encouraging members of social group and spreading conformity.
According to the question, Joyce is getting positive sanction because she settled a business contract successfully for the company and as a positive reward she received an increment in pay. This will encourage in future work.
I don't know if you were looking for a specific answer or not, but Luther pretty much changed the way whites treated blacks, as well as the way that the Catholic church worked. For more info, watch the movie "Selma."
I believe the correct answer is inhibited temperament in childhood.
Jerome Kagan worked on his theory about childhood temperament which may affect adults greatly, and he came up with two types of temperament: inhibited and uninhibited. Inhibited temperament occurs with shy and fearful children, whereas uninhibited has to do with kids who are sociable and outgoing.
Mountains led to creation of city states