During the electron transport, chan energy stored in electrons is used to pump hydrogen protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. The numbers of protons increase this creates a chemical gradient(because there is a higher concentration of ions) and an electrical gradient(because the intermembrane space becomes more positive than the matrix because of the protons-H⁺). Those protons need to flow towards the matrix for equilibrium to occur. As we know the inside membrane of the mitochondria has a reduced permeability. The main place where protons can diffuse is the ATP-synthase(a protein that turns ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP). When protons pass through they release the energy necessary for this reaction to occur(ADP+H₃PO₄-->ATP+H₂O)
Answer:
<u>Option-(D):</u>T cells attack antigens on foreign substances and B cells produce antibodies.
Explanation:
- The defense mechanism or we can say the immune system is divided into many layers of cells, as the primary protection for the human body is the integumentary system or simply skin and the rest of the defense lines follow up. As, there is a proper channel for the different molecules to pass through the body, while the pathogens or those hazardous molecules which are required to be removed are identified with the help of the B-cells and the T-cells kill or eliminates them to avoid any further damage to the human body.
- However, both of the cells are termed to be related to the interstitial spaces inside the human body, which is also called as the lymph and the cells are called as lymphocytes.
Answer:
<h2>Primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes contain the diploid number of chromosomes.</h2>
Explanation:
Primary spermatocytes is derived from immature germ cells called spermatogonia by the process, mitosis.
While primary oocytes is derived from immature germ cells called oogonia by mitosis.
In both cases, they contain a diploid number of chromosomes(2N) since they have not yet matured into secondary sex cell. They are called as primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes respectively and they are with the diploid number of chromosome.
Answer:
<u>The ocean absorbs nitrogen gas from the atmosphere. In open-ocean areas with low concentrations of nutrients (“oligotrophic” regions), some of this nitrogen is taken up by microbes and transformed into various chemical compounds</u>
Explanation:
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