B. Rhode Island practiced religious toleration while Massachusetts Bay Colony did not.
Roger Williams (1603-1683) firmly believed in freedom of conscience. He founded the Rhode Island colony after being banished from Massachusetts in 1636 because of his views. He advocated keeping church and state separate. Rhode Island became a safe place for various religious dissenters and minorities to find a place to exist peacefully -- Baptists, Quakers, Jews and other religious minorities. Years later, when colonial America became the United States of America and the US Constitution was being written, Roger Williams idea of maintaining a “wall of separation” between church and state influenced the framers of the Constitution and Bill of Rights.
Freedom of religion was not the case in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, dominated by Puritan law. The Puritans came to America so they could practice their religion, but did not allow freedom for others within their colony. Those who did not follow the Puritan ways were often sent away (as Roger Williams was).
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a terrible and bloody Civil War freed enslaved Americans. The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1868) granted African Americans the rights of citizenship. However, this did not always translate into the ability to vote. Black voters were systematically turned away from state polling places. To combat this problem, Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870. It says:
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Yet states still found ways to circumvent the Constitution and prevent blacks from voting. Poll taxes, literacy tests, fraud and intimidation all turned African Americans away from the polls. Until the Supreme Court struck it down in 1915, many states used the "grandfather clause " to keep descendents of slaves out of elections. The clause said you could not vote unless your grandfather had voted -- an impossibility for most people whose ancestors were slaves.
This unfair treatment was debated on the street, in the Congress and in the press. A full fifty years after the Fifteenth Amendment passed, black Americans still found it difficult to vote, especially in the South." What a Colored Man Should Do to Vote", lists many of the barriers African American voters faced.
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This statement is incorrect:
Just as two colors will, when carefully mixed, form a third and different color (yellow and blue, for example, produce green), so too it is sometimes possible to see in the cooperative efforts of living things a resultant accomplishment that defies description on the basis of the characteristics of the creatures involved. A description of the traits and performances of the individual members of a hive of honeybees or a championship athletic team hardly serves to describe the results of their joint efforts.
Explanation:
The reasons behind this are two. The first one is that in this paragraph we understand that the main idea is that individual effort can't describe the results of joint efforts. But they can describe it. If we analyze a group's joint effort for parts, or segments we can understand the specific role of each one, and how they contribute to achieving the major goal or the group's goal. For example, a goalkeeper is the only one in the team able to defend the goal sheet all the time, and with the allowance of using his or her hands. If his or her individual effort wasn't performed, the rival team would be able to score goals easier than without him or her. In other words, the individual word can describe the results of joint efforts if we analyze them as a system made of different small processes.
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He created a powerful military system and instituted effective political and social reforms. By abolishing the sectarian tax on non-Muslims and appointing them to high civil and military posts, he was the first Mughal ruler to win the trust and loyalty of the native subjects.
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