“Crime” is not a phenomenon that can be defined according to any objective set of criteria. Instead, what a particular state, legal regime, ruling class or collection of dominant social forces defines as “crime” in any specific society or historical period will reflect the political, economic and cultural interests of such forces. By extension, the interests of competing political, economic or cultural forces will be relegated to the status of “crime” and subject to repression,persecution and attempted subjugation. Those activities of an economic, cultural or martial nature that are categorized as “crime” by a particular system of power and subjugation will be those which advance the interests of the subjugated and undermine the interests of dominant forces. Conventional theories of criminology typically regard crime as the product of either “moral” failing on the part of persons labeled as “criminal,” genetic or biological predispositions towards criminality possessed by such persons, “social injustice” or“abuse” to which the criminal has previously been subjected, or some combination of these. (Agnew and Cullen, 2006) All of these theories for the most part regard the “criminal as deviant” perspective offered by established interests as inherently legitimate, though they may differ in their assessments concerning the matter of how such “deviants” should be handled. The principal weakness of such theories is their failure to differentiate the problem of anti-social or predatory individual behavior<span> per se</span><span> from the matter of “crime” as a political, legal, economic and cultural construct. All human groups, from organized religions to outlaw motorcycle clubs, typically maintain norms that disallow random or unprovoked aggression by individuals against other individuals within the group, and a system of penalties for violating group norms. Even states that have practiced genocide or aggressive war have simultaneously maintained legal prohibitions against “common” crimes. Clearly, this discredits the common view of the state’s apparatus of repression and control (so-called “criminal justice systems”) as having the protection of the lives, safety and property of innocents as its primary purpose.</span>
Answer:
B or C
Explanation:
B: During the period 1500-1800 Asian commodities flooded into the West. As well as spices and tea, they included silks, cottons, porcelains and other luxury goods. Since few European products could be successfully sold in bulk in Asian markets, these imports were paid for with silver. The resulting currency drain encouraged Europeans to imitate the goods they so admired. In Asia, there was no comparable mass importation of western goods. However, there was a great fascination with European scientific and artistic technologies. These influenced local lifestyles and inspired Asian scholars, artists and craftsmen.
The East occupied an important place in the western imagination. The reverse was also true. European objects and artifacts, sometimes reworked to suit Asian lifestyles, created a corresponding vision of a mysterious and exotic West.
C:Spice trade, the cultivation, preparation, transport, and merchandising of spices and herbs, an enterprise of ancient origins and great cultural and economic significance.Seasonings such as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, and turmeric were important items of commerce in the earliest evolution of trade. Cinnamon and cassia found their way to the Middle East at least 4,000 years ago. From time immemorial, southern Arabia (Arabia Felix of antiquity) had been a trading centre for frankincense, myrrh, and other fragrant resins and gums. Arab traders artfully withheld the true sources of the spices they sold. To satisfy the curious, to protect their market, and to discourage competitors, they spread fantastic tales to the effect that cassia grew in shallow lakes guarded by winged animals and that cinnamon grew in deep glens infested with poisonous snakes. Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) ridiculed the stories and boldly declared, “All these tales…have been evidently invented for the purpose of enhancing the price of these commodities.”
<span>The phrase actually refers is the what by now should be the well-known history of the U.S. supporting military coups all over South and Central America. Many of the officers involved in the coups with documented violation of human rights were trained by the U.S. in the so-called School of Americas renamed the Western Hemisphere for Institute for Security of Cooperation. </span><span>
</span><span>If you look back at the history of the U.S, you'll see a number of wars or otherwise extensive conflicts averaging every 20-30 years. This rabid aggression and the use of extensive deception are among the reasons U.S. presence is not only resented in Central/South America but currently in areas such as the Middle East.
<em>Hope this helped! :)</em>
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Answer:
Factor Analysis
Explanation:
Factor analysis uses a statistical procedure to analyse given information about distinct common factors to determine the strength and influence of each factor on the other. The interdependence helps in analyzing better possibilities as it reduces number of outcomes to favorable and conforming outcomes.
Factor analysis act as a measure to measure correct and closer estimates of events interrelated to each other towards independent variables.
