Answer:
I think the question is "How might an RNA-based genome results display an increased in infection rate?" because current statement doesn't convey a message clearly.
Explanation:
To answer this question, we need to understand first that what is gene expression. Gene expression is a process in which genetic information is transcribed first to RNA and then into proteins. During transcription stage, only active genes would be transcribed to RNA and all other DNA material don't transcribe at all. Now, if there is an infection, host cell would express only those genes which would actively take part in the defense mechanism, e.g. R-genes, genes involved in production of reactive oxygen species, etc. Hence, to monitor the infection rate, we will look at the RNA-based genome. To do this, we will extract the total RNA and then would sequence it. Then we will annotate the genes and check the relative abundance (differential expression). Finally, we would have a clear that these genes were active against the infection. By doing temporal sampling and sequencing, we would be able to measure the rate as well.
For the second part, potential complications that could arise in doing analysis is the lower amount of RNA, or rapid degradation of RNA in case of presence of RNAses. RNA can be degraded easily at room temperature.
Answer: The human body uses three types of molecules to yield the necessary energy to drive ATP synthesis: fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Mitochondria are the main site for ATP synthesis in mammals, although some ATP is also synthesized in the cytoplasm.
Explanation:
Answer:
im gonna go with a but if it is wrong then i am sorry
Explanation:
Answer:
- Blood travels at a higher velocity in arteries than in veins.
- The volume of blood flow in the arteries and arterioles is greater than the volume of blood flow through the capillaries
- Blood pressure is higher in arteries than in veins.
- The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the venules and veins
Explanation:
The lumen of arteries is larger than that of arterioles and capillaries. However, even though they have a smaller lumen compared to veins, their walls are thicker to bear the pressure of the blood as it is pumped by the heart to the tissues. Therefore the blood pressure and velocity of blood in arteries (that pump blood away from the heart) is higher than in capillaries and veins. Veins take blood back to the heart from tissues hence this blood is under lower pressure and velocity. This is why veins have valves to prevent the back-flow of blood against gravity.
Due to the large cross-section area of capillaries the blood flow is here is slower hence giving time for blood to linger a bit so there is an exchange of materials between the blood plasma and the interstitial fluids that nourish the cells.
Answer:
Water molecules are polar and form strong hydrogen bonds.
Explanation:
Properties like high surface tension and boiling point are unique to water due to water's polar molecules. This allows water to form very strong hydrogen bonds and give it some different abilities.
