Chapter 9 - Cell Respiration

How do doctors and researchers decide whether a disease is a good candidate for gene therapy? what are the advantages and disadv

gladu [14]

Diseases that are best candidates for gene therapy are those whose disorder has been identified to be a malfunctioning gene and the biology of the gene is well known. Gene therapy is also viable where the proper gene can be correctly delivered and replace the malfunctioned one.

The advantage of using viruses in gene theory is their effectiveness in delivering the desired gene by tapping into their natural mechanisms of infection. However, disadvantages include the risks of affecting healthy cells while targeting sick cells and wrong placement of the desired gene hence causing undesirable mutations in DNA.

One factor is the length of the DNA that is required to be replaced through gene therapy. Most vectors have a maximum length of DNA that they can carry for effective transduction. Another is the range of cell types that the vector can infect and the risk of immune response/ allergic reaction/ side effects.

The best vectors are herpes or vaccinia viruses. The viruses are able to infect non-dividing cells such as the nerve cell. The vectors can accommodate 8400 bp in their genome and the transgene expressions have the potential to last long.

Traditional gene editing techniques such as TALENS and ZFN use modular proteins that target nucleotide sequences. In the CRISPR tool, the Cas9 protein is steered by a guide RNA (which is a complementary sequence to the target sequence) to the target region.

One ethical issue of gene editing is its use in genetic enhancement to develop ‘designer babies’. The question of who should decide on whether a trait is bad or good also complicates this matter. The morality of artificiality enhancing attributes such as strength, athletic capability, intelligence, and etcetera could lead to an unhealthy ‘arms race’ between humans.

In sports doping, gene editing could be used to enhance genes that enhance muscle strength by targeting myostatin (MSTN) and GF-1 genes. Genes that promote quick break down of lactic acid and increases oxygen capacity of the lungs and blood such as EPO gene could be targets of sports doping.

Gene editing will treat diseases and disorders by repairing the causative defective gene. This is already applicable in cystic fibrosis. Artificial gene selection will be common in future thanks to gene editing. Future humans will, therefore, have ‘desirable traits’ or new traits depending on what is appealing to the society.

4 0

3 years ago

If a section of DNA that was transcribe has the sequence: A – T – C What would be the corresponding:

Lubov Fominskaja [6]

Codon on mRNA, I’m pretty sure because I learned this last year

6 0

3 years ago

Which statement describes one difference between hormones and

Elis [28]

Letter c, and hormones also affect the likes and dislikes of a person

4 0

3 years ago

How much yarn do you need to make a adult blanket crotching it?

astra-53 [7]

I'd say you should buy 2000 yards of yarn.

I hope that helps! c:

(Also, do you knit? I love talking about knitting and crocheting with other people).

7 0

3 years ago

Urgent Help!

Arte-miy333 [17]

Assuming diallelic genes, that express complete dominance, and assort independently, 1) Genotypic ratio=1:2:1. Phenotypic ratio=3:1 / 2) Parental genotype: PpRr. Gametes= PR, Pr, pR, pr. Phenotypic ratio: 9:3:3:1

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We will assume diallelic genes that express complete dominance. In cases where two or more genes are involved, we will assume they are not linked, and alleles assort independently.

1) FRECKLES

F is the dominant allele that codes for freckles

f is the recessive allele that codes for no-freckles

Cross: Between a mother and a father who both have freckles and are heter0zyg0us for the trait

Parentals) Ff x Ff

Gametes) F f F f

Punnett square) F f

F FF Ff

f Ff ff

F1) Genotype

1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be h0m0zyg0us dominant, FF

2/4 = 1/2 = 50% of the progeny is expected to be heter0zyg0us, Ff

1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be h0m0zyg0us recessive, ff

Phenotype

3/4 = 75% of the progeny is expected to express freckles, FF + Ff

1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to not express freckles, ff

Genotypic ratio ⇒ 1:2:1

Phenotypic ratio ⇒ 3:1

2) FLOWER COLOR AND SEED SHAPE

P is the dominant allele that codes for purple flowers

p is the recessive allele that codes for white flowers

R is the dominant allele that codes for round seeds

r is the recessive allele that codes for wrinkled seeds

Cross: Between two plants that are heter0zyg0us for flower color and seed shape

Parentals) PpRr x PpRr

Gametes) PR, Pr, pR, pr PR, Pr, pR, pr

Punnett square) PR Pr pR pr

PR PPRR PPRr PpRR PpRr

Pr PPRr PPrr PpRr Pprr

pR PpRR PpRr ppRR ppRr

pr PpRr Pprr ppRr pprr

F1) Genotype

1/16 individuals are expected to be PPRR

2/16 individuals are expected to be PPRr

1/16 individuals are expected to be PPrr

2/16 individuals are expected to be PpRR

4/16 individuals are expected to be PpRr

2/16 individuals are expected to be Pprr

1/16 individuals are expected to be ppRR

2/16 individuals are expected to be ppRr

1/16 individuals are expected to be pprr

Phenotype

9/16 individuals are expected to have purple flowers with round seeds, PPRR + PpRR + PPRr + PpRr

3/16 individuals are expected to have purple flowers and wrinckled seeds, PPrr + Pprr

3/16 individuals are expected to have white flowers and round seeds, ppRR + ppRr

1/16 individuals are expeceted to have white flowers and wrinckled seeds, pprr.

Phenotypic ratio ⇒ 9:3:3:1

Genotype of parent plant 1: PpRr

Gamete 1: PR
Gamete 2: Pr
Gamete 3: pR
Gamete 4: pr

Genotype of parent plant 2: PpRr

Gamete 1: PR
Gamete 2: Pr
Gamete 3: pR
Gamete 4: pr

 PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE 

purple flowers, round seeds: PPRR, PpRR, PPRr, PpRr

purple flowers, wrinkled seeds: PPrr, Pprr

white flowers, round seeds: ppRR, ppRr

white flowers, wrinkled seeds: pprr

 PHENOTYPE NUMBER 

purple flowers, round seeds: 9

purple flowers, wrinkled seeds: 3

white flowers, round seeds: 3

white flowers, wrinkled seeds: 1

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You can learn more about monohybrid and dihybrid crosses at

brainly.com/question/1185199?referrer=searchResults

brainly.com/question/24076691?referrer=searchResults

brainly.com/question/2669862?referrer=searchResults

4 0

3 years ago