Overcrowding, Language Issues, Getting Sent Back
In general, the trans-Atlantic slave trade greatly benefited European plantation owners in the West Indies since they were able to receive a practically limitless amount of free labor from Africa, which increased exports to Europe.
The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins in New York Southern District federal court. Judge Irving R Kaufman presides over the espionage prosecution of the couple accused of selling nuclear secrets to the Russians (treason could not be charged because the United States was not at war with the Soviet Union.)