The Doppler Effect is also known as red shift. Red shift shows the distance of galaxies. The redder the shift then the further away the galaxy, however the bluer the galaxy then the closer it is. Red Shift shows that the universe is continuously expanding. <span />
Answer:The Cycad tree is the sporophyte.They have flagellated sperm.
Explanation:
During pollination, the contents of the megaspore divide to form many–celled gamateophyte called the endosperm and archegonium. There is a micropyle opening with a sticky fluid, which traps the wind-borne male gametophyte (microspores) which,at this time is made up of prothallus cell;an antheridial cell and a large tube cell. The trapped microspore is sucked into the archegonia chamber. Antherizoids are released, but only one penetrates each oospore and fuses with the female nucleus. The zygote is formed in the ovule and the later develops into seed.The diploid seed germinates into a new sporophyte plant and the life cycle begins again. Examples of cycad include Cycas circinalis ,Cycas celebrical and Cycas revoluta
The Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are groups of plants with seed, which means that they don’ t necessary acquire water for fertilization. These groups have made adaptations for sexual reproduction on dry land.
1) Gymnosperms (plants with the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary) have developed over the course of its evolution, structures that solved the main limitations present in the Pteridophytes in relation to sexual reproduction, in the terrestrial environment. The main changes that happened as an evolutionary adaptation to dry land are those on the seeds and pollen. The advantages of the seeds are: the storage tissue which sustains growth and a protective coat of the seeds. Seed is enveloped with the layers of hardened tissue which prevents desiccation. This is what frees reproduction from the need for a constant supply of water. <span>The sperm (male gamete) of gymnosperms</span> is enclosed in a pollen grain. Thi structure is protected from desiccation and can reach the female organs without dependence on water. Gymnosperms also developed structures called cupules to enclose and protect the ovule (the female gametophyte) which will develop into a seed upon fertilization.
2) Angiosperms are a group of plants which protect their seeds within an ovary called a fruit. Angiosperms have special evolutionary adaptations. For example, they produce their gametes in separate organs, usually in a flower, so the fertilization and embryo development takes place inside an anatomical structure. That provides a stable system of sexual reproduction largely sheltered from environmental fluctuations like water need.
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
