In Western Europe (except in Spain, Italy and Portugal), as feudalism spread, kings lost political powers as a s result of losing control of the main means of wealth production at the time, lands. Even though feudal lords were legally under the king's authority, they were the actual holders of a great deal of the political power as they were in direct control of the economic production and wealth. The appearance of a new social class producing even greater amounts of wealth yet despised by the nobility, the bourgeoisie, offered the kings the opportunity to trade titles of nobility (not based on the possession of lands, though) for money in order to build up enough resources in order to wrest power from the nobles. The actions that most kings carried out were:
- depriving rebellious noblemen from their lands as a way to increase the crown's power and set an example for other noblemen
- creation of a a new aristocratic class of free men who paid for their titles and strengthened the crown's finances
- enhancement or construction of lavish capital cities and ordering the noblemen to change their residence to the king's court, so that they could be kept under close surveillance and reduce the chances of rebellion
- raising of national armies under the direct control of the crown instead of depending on the nobles' levying armies loyal to the nobles and not the king
- a revival and enhancing of the traditional notion of the divine rule of kings which entitled the monarchs to claim absolute power in the land for "God wills it," thus, acting against the king would be the same as acting against God, the worst crime in medieval times
George W. Bush is probably the most famous example of a world leader that declared a war on terror after 9/11
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The Whiskey Rebellion The (1) Farmers in western Pennsylvania objected to paying a social tax on (2) whiskey. An armed protest, called the (3) Whiskey Rebellion, was crushed by an army led by (4) Washington. Struggle Over the West George Washington hoped that the treaties with the Native Americans would lessen the influence of the (5) British and the (6) Spanish, but American settlers ignored the treaties. Fighting broke out and more than 600 American troops died in a battle by the (7) Wabash River. In 1794, the British governor of Canada urged Native Americans to destroy American settlements west of the (8) Appalachians. On August 20, 1794, General Anthony Wayne defeated Shawnee leader, Blue Jacket, and his warriors at the (9) Battle of fallen Timbers. Wayne forced twelve Native American nations to sign the (10) Treaty of Greenville which opened most of Ohio to white settlement. Problems with Europe Americans in the (11) South tended to side with France, while (12) manufacturers and merchants, who traded with Great Britain, favored Great Britain. On April 22, 1793, Washington issued a (13) Proclamation of neutrality that prohibited American citizens from fighting in the war between Great Britain and France. Few Americans supported (14) Jay’s Treaty with the British because it did not deal with (15) Impressment or British interference with Americans.
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It is the Speaker of the House
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