Answer:
D. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.
Explanation:
Expectancy theory is defined as the statement that the amount of effort an individuals uses will depends on how much of the reward they are expecting to get in return.
The three main components of the expectancy theory of motivations are -- instrumentality, valence and expectancy.
Valence in the expectancy theory is the perception of the employees to work hard or make effort which will enable them to achieve their performance goals.
Hence the correct option is (D).
The Columbian Exchange has brought new species to Europe. This includes new plant species, such as tomatoes and potatoes which have help combat hunger in Europe. This can be seen for example through the fact that when potato has a blight it caused the great famine in Ireland. However, the Columbian Exchange was not only positive for Europe as it also introduced sicknesses such as syphilis.
D. Tertiary
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