Answer:
<h2>Dihybrid cross involves crossing between two traits. Independent assortment is also explained using a dihybrid cross.</h2>
Explanation:
To obtain a phenotypic ration of 1:1:1:1 one of the parent must be heterozygous for both the trait and other parent must be homozygous recessive for both the trait.
If the long winged <em>Drosophila</em> with gray body is dominant then, it is represented by these genotype- LLGG, LlGG, LlGg and LLGg. Short and black <em>Drosophila</em> is considered as recessive (llgg)
Different crosses were carried to obtain a phenotypic ratio of 1:1:1:1.
So, if we cross LlGg with llgg we obtain a phenotypic ratio of 1:1:1:1
we obtain <em>Drosophila</em> which are
Long gray (4)
Long black (4)
Short gray (4)
Short black (4)
So, ratio comes out to be 1:1:1:1
Three of the four classes of macromolecules—carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids—form chainlike molecules called polymers. A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. The repeated units are small molecules called monomers.
Starfish, flatworms, and sponges may be cut into pieces, and the individual parts will grow new individual animals by means of the process of fragmentation.
Answer: Large molecules and wastes move through the membrane through forms of active transport- endocytosis and exocytosis.
Explanation:
Molecules are moved across the cell membrane via different mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion and passive transport; however, some very large molecules require specialized types of active transport to cross over- these are endocytosis and exocytosis.
During endocytosis large molecules cells and cell fragments moved across the plasma membrane through a process of <em>invagination;</em> piece of the external cell membrane falls into itself and forms a small pocket that surrounds the target molecule this breaks off from the membrane to form an intracellular vesicle. Different methods of endocytosis such as <em>phagocytosis, pinocytosis </em>and receptor-mediated <em>endocytosis</em>, take in cells, water and targeted substances respectively.
Like endocytosis, the particles (signal proteins, neurotransmitters and waste material) are surrounded by a phospholipid membrane. However, in exocytosis, this membrane is formed in the cytoplasm, and merges with the plasma membrane’s interior in a process <em>opposite to </em>endocytosis; material is removed from the cell and exported into the cell’s exterior called the extracellular space.