Answer: Index fossils are used to identify layers of rocks. The layers will form an arrangement that relates to their age. In simpler terms, a layer that contains fossils are unique to that certain layer.
Index fossils are fossils that are mostly used by scientists due to it being easily found anywhere around the world and in abundant amounts. It can also be easily identified since they are fossils of widely varied organisms that lived during one short time period.
Answer:
Scientists usually use the potassium-argon method to date rocks that are older than about 1 million years. Uranium-238 is also used for radiometric dating. It has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. It decays to produce lead-206.
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The fetus can be screened for abnormalities using karyotyping and biochemical analysis using amniocentesis and chorionic villus sample.
<h3>What data can we glean from CVS and amniocentesis?</h3>
In at-risk fetuses, these tests can detect genetic illnesses such cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and sickle cell disease. The main benefit of CVS over amniocentesis is that it is done considerably earlier in pregnancy—at 10 to 13 weeks as opposed to 15 to 20 weeks—thus saving more time for the mother.
<h3>What can a couple learn about their growing fetus from amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling?</h3>
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) are prenatal diagnostic techniques used to identify certain fetal genetic disorders. The likelihood of miscarriage rises with both procedures.
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Answer:
A. If the aerobic pathway—cellular respiration—cannot meet the energy demand, then the anaerobic pathway—lactic acid fermentation—starts up, resulting in lactic acid buildup and "oxygen debt."
C. After about 90 seconds of intense exercise, the muscles become depleted of oxygen, and anaerobic respiration can no longer function to produce ATP, resulting in "oxygen debt."
Explanation:
There are two sources of carbohydrates in the human's body for energy (ATP) production. 1) Creatine phosphate and 2) Glycogen. Creatine phosphate metabolizes easily and yields ATP quickly. Whereas glycogen is stored form of carbohydrate which yields energy more slowly. Therefore, initially, our bodies use creatine phosphate and then shift to glycogen. Within 60-90 seconds, the creatinine phosphate in the body is mostly utilized and then energy is produced by the use of glycogen in aerobic pathway. During areobic pathway, oxygen supply is sufficient and per cycle, it produces 32 molecules of ATP. However, when oxygen supply is limited or absent, the body will metabolize glycogen to lactic acid via fermentation and produce only 2 molecules of ATP.
Now consider the example: Kenny hikes all day at a steady pace therefore the supply of oxygen is sufficient for aerobic cellular respiration for ATP production. In this scenario, the oxygen debt is minimal and Kenny relies on aerobic respiration pathway to obtain energy. On the other hand, Janelle runs fast (100 meters in 13.5 seconds) and her cellular respiration would be on the compense of aerobic pathway initially which will be shifted to anaerobic pathway after the supply of oxygen is reduced/minimum. Janelle will heavily rely on the anaerobic pathway because running fast needs energy which cannot be provided via aerobic pathway easily. Therefore, Janelle's body will produce lactic acid and suffer from oxygen debt.
