Answer:
Constitutive activation is the alteration of a protein or signaling pathway such that it is functional or engaged even in the absence of an upstream activating event. For example, RasD is constitutively active because it cannot bind GAP and therefore remains in the GTP-bound, active state even when cells are not stimulated by growth factor to activate a receptor tyrosine kinase.
Constitutively active Ras is cancer promoting because cells will proliferate in the absence of growth factors, and thus normal regulatory mechanisms for cell proliferation are bypassed.
(a) A mutation that resulted in Smad3 binding Smad4, entering the nucleus, and activating transcription independent of phosphorylation by the TGFβ receptor would render Smad3 constitutively active.
(b) A mutation that made MAPK active as a kinase and able to enter the nucleus without being phosphorylated by MEK would render MAPK constitutively active.
(c) A mutation that prevented NF-KB from binding to IK-B or that allowed NF-KB to enter the nucleus and regulate transcription even when bound to IK-B would render NF-KB constitutively active.
Austin who was securely attached in Mary Ainsworth's theory of mother-infant attachment likely showed confidence in his caregiver's ability to protect him.
Options to this question were not provided. However, it is worthy to note that Mary Ainsworth's theory of mother-infant attachment classifies the relationship that children have with their caregivers as; Secure, Resistant, and Avoidant.
The Securely attached children are distressed when their mother is absent, they avoid strangers when their mother is not around but become friendly to strangers when their mothers are present.
They are also happy when their mother is around.
Generally, these sorts of children are confident and exhibit high self-esteem. So, Austin must have displayed some of these qualities.
Learn more about Secure Attachment here:
brainly.com/question/24726649
Genetics is what I would say
<span>Leptin. Leptin is produced by fat cells and released when your body has enough fat in storage. When leptin reaches the brain, it gives your body a feeling of fullness so that you will not want to continue eating.
Individuals with leptin resistance, where the leptin hormone signals are not received as they should be, are often overweight because they do not have the same brain signals telling them that their body is full.</span>
..............4 is D and 6 is A