The 3rd one is correct I’m pretty sure
The answer is social comparison. This states that we decide our own social and individual worth in view of how we stack up against others we see as by one means or another faring better or more regrettable. We now and again contrast ourselves with others as a method for cultivating self-change, self-inspiration, and a positive mental self portrait.
His goal was to test and gain scientific knowledge, find a route to the rich spice trade of the Indies, and spread the Christian faith.