Answer and Explanation:
Chemical reactions are very complex processes which include the collision of molecules. During the chemical reactions, bonds between the breakdown of the atom and transformed in new ways. The chemical compounds that react together during the chemical reactions are called reactants, shown on the left side of the equation. They are broken down during the reaction and used as the reaction progresses. The chemical compounds that are formed from the rearrangement and breakdown of the reactants are called products. The products are shown on the right side of the chemical equation. As compare to the reactants, the products are more stable molecules. For example, in the reaction between H2SO4 and Zn, these two chemicals are the reactants, while ZnSO4 and H2 are the chemical reaction products.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
(Reactants) (Products)
The matter is a material that everything is made of matter. A property that matter has is known as energy. The same quantity of matter can have a diverse quantity of energy. Both energy and matter are identical. For example, if we add some energy into an ice cube, it will turn into liquid. After that, if we add more energy, liquid will turns into steam.
Majority of energy, around 90% in fact, is lost between each trophic level, mostly due to the energy usage of sustaining life, and a lot is lost as thermal energy.
There are 3 factors which are; temperature, pressure and concentration.
Answer:
The correct answers are option A. "tethering proteins to the cell cortex", B. "using barriers such as tight junctions", C. "tethering proteins to the extracellular matrix", D. "forming a covalent linkage with membrane lipids", E. "tethering proteins to the surface of another cell"
Explanation:
According to the fluid-mosaic model, the components of cell membranes are in constant movement forming a barrier to avoid unwanted exterior component internalization and to avoid the loss of precious internal components. This constant movement could cause that proteins move across the plasma membrane. But, this is avoided by several mechanisms including:
A. Tethering proteins to the cell cortex. The cell cortex is a rigid structure made of actin and actomyosin. Proteins found in the plasma membrane are tethered to this structure to restrict their movement.
B. Using barriers such as tight junctions. Tight junctions are barriers found in epithelia made of claudin and occludin proteins. These barriers are impenetrable, which avoid the movement of proteins in the cell membrane.
C. Tethering proteins to the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is made of several proteins and macromolecules that provide a structural and biochemical support to cells that are nearby. Proteins could be tethered to this rigid structure as well.
D. Forming a covalent linkage with membrane lipids. The proteins in the cell membrane that form a covalent linkage with membrane lipids are known as lipid-anchored proteins, or lipid-linked proteins.
E. Tethering proteins to the surface of another cell. When cell-cell communication take place it is possible that proteins in the cell membrane got tethered to the surface of the other cell.
C. since sexual reproduction takes a lot longer and it involves 2 offsprings. it requires more energy
