D: Northern European citizens pay higher tax rates.
Explanation:
Northern European countries determined that higher education promoted a productive workforce. When combined with universal healthcare and other welfare safeguards, higher taxes are used to offset the cost.
This can be seen through the fact that Norway's top marginal tax rate of 39 percent. For comparison, oddly enough, in the United States the top marginal tax rate of 46.8 percent despite not having universal education nor universal healthcare.
