Answer:
The answer is <em><u>D.
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Explanation:
Viruses can evade the processing and presentation of antigens, for example by interfering with the expression of MHC class I proteins, although this increases their susceptibility to be detected by natural killer cells (NK). However, some members of the herpesvirus, papillomavirus, retrovirus, poxvirus and flavivirus families have also developed strategies to escape the attack of NK cells and promote their survival, inhibiting cell apoptosis. Finally, some pathogens often change surface antigens frequently, as in the case of influenza viruses (orthomyxovirus).
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects CD4 + T cells and degrades the host's ability to counterattack with a strong cell-mediated immune response. There are so many tactics of immune evasion used by HIV, which have so far hindered the development of an effective vaccine.
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Cells do not use the energy from oxidation reactions as soon as it is released. Instead, they convert it into small, energy-rich molecules such as ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which can be used throughout the cell to power metabolism and construct new cellular components.
Same
<span>Homologous structures refer to structures that have similar characteristics in terms of morphology, anatomy, genetics, and embryology yet still different when their functions are concerned. On the other hand, analogous structures are those organisms that have similar lifestyle because they live in the same habitat yet they belong in different groups.</span>
Coastal zones
Explanation:
Soft bottom intertidal habitats include seabed made up of fine grains of sediments, sand and mud. Depending upon the grain size of the sediment, depth of the seabed, temperature and light exposure, growth of bacteria or microalgae, the biodiversity of these habitats varies. A vast population of burrowing marine organisms like clams, crabs, snails, shrimps, skates, fluke, rays, sea cucumber etc are all found in this habitat. Commercial fishing is a main hazard in this habitat.
An estuary represents an area composed of water and wetland, where a freshwater body (like rivers, stream) meets an ocean. The unique feature of this habitat is the presence of salty brackish water which is a mixture of the salty ocean water and the fresh water.
Salt marsh is a coastal wetland that is mostly flooded and drained by the tidal salt water. The wetland is composed of mud and peat and hence is marshy. Tides often submerge the marshes and hence contain decomposed organic matter.
Mangroves are wetlands found along tropical areas with brackish waters. These help to prevent the ocean coastline. Halophytic plants and trees occupy these areas and form the typical mangrove forests in this habitat. Mangrove trees are unique with its prop root
