Important changes in the Middle East between the 13th and 15th centuries include the 13 Century end of the First Crusade and the capture/founding of Jerusalem. After that came the rise of the Mongol/Turkish/Ottoman Empire during the 14th Century. The Ottoman transcontinental Empire controlled much of North Africa, Western Asia, and Southeast Europe. This led to the creation of important transcontinental trade routes and a boom of economic trade between the continents.
Pushing the Mongols north and fighting them, and the rebuilding of Beijing caused the Chinese decision to abandon major expeditions.
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I can see 3 main groups:
The poor - they have a promise of a “reward” in heaven if they obey Church and King.
The Church and King - it provided them with great temporal power. Ever hear of the Divine Right of Kings?
Those people that Xtian armies or “missionaries” held at sword point and gave them the choice of convert or die.
<span>Diamond is an evolutionary biologist, interested in adaptations, and he proceeds to speculate that New Guineans exhibit these heightened-mental-activity traits in response to their environment, which presents them with constant and varied challenges. He gets away with it because (1) this statement is buried inside his main thesis, which is in accord with the fundamental dogma (Western superiority is just an accident of geography), and (2) his superior racial group is non-white, and it's okay to call whites inferior</span>
