For something to have value, it must have utility, or the capacity to be useful and provide satisfaction.
Answer: A. Punishment.
Explanation: punishment occurs when an individual is subjected to a disliked condition or process. It might involve flogging, verbal abuse, starving or other actions expected to inflict pain or suffering on an individual in retribution for an bad act. This is done in other to curb or lessen the probability of future occurrence.
In the scenario above, Miguel gets grounded for failing to do her chores, therefore, the opposite reinforcement should be inflicted when her chores gets done. Hence punishment should be appropriately applied when her chores gets done.
Answer:
191 Make a syncwine for the word gift.
Let's first think what could be a "positive" impact - this would mean making the environment more clean and more friendly towards other species.
So they could clean up the environment (from the mess that was likely introduced by a human activity) and support other organisms in it - for example by removing the physical barriers for migration of other species (bridges over the streets for example) <span />