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Three Worlds, Three Views: Culture and Environmental Change in the Colonial SouthTimothy Silver
Appalachian State University
©National Humanities Center
For nearly three hundred years before the American Revolution, the colonial South was a kaleidoscope of different people and cultures. Yet all residents of the region shared two important traits. First, they lived and worked in a natural environment unlike any other in the American colonies. Second, like humans everywhere, their presence on the landscape had profound implications for the natural world. Exploring the ecological transformation of the colonial South offers an opportunity to examine the ways in which three distinct cultures—Native American, European, and African—influenced and shaped the environment in a fascinating part of North America.
The Native American WorldLike natives elsewhere in North America, those in the South practiced shifting seasonal subsistence, altering their diets and food gathering techniques to conform to the changing seasons. In spring, a season which brought massive runs of shad, alewives, herring, and mullet from the ocean into the rivers, Indians in Florida and elsewhere along the Atlantic coastal plain relied on fish taken with nets, spears, or hooks and lines. In autumn and winter—especially in the piedmont and uplands—the natives turned more to deer, bear, and other game animals for sustenance. Because they required game animals in quantity, Indians often set light ground fires to create brushy edge habitats and open areas in southern forests that attracted deer and other animals to well-defined hunting grounds. The natives also used fire to drive deer and other game into areas where the animals might be easily dispatched.</span>
The amount of the 30 gram-sample that will remain after 270 years is 6.61 grams
<h3>How to determine the number of half-lives </h3>
We'll begin by obtaining the number of half lives that has elapsed. This can be obtained as follow:
- Half-life (t½) = 96 years
- Time (t) = 270 years
- Number of half-lives (n) =?
n = t / t½
n = 270 / 99
n = 2.8125
<h3>How to determine the amount remaining </h3>
- Original amount (N₀) = 30 grams
- Number of half-lives (n) = 2.8125
- Amount remaining (N) =?
The amount remaing can be obtained as follow:
N = N₀ / 2^n
N = 30 / 2^2.8125
N = 6.61 grams
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Explanation:
It is true that the wings of the bee move very fast. The wings are smaller than their body and it is believed to be difficult for the wings to lift the whole body of the bee.
Sometimes, bees carry nectar and pollen with itself which again increases their weight. It has been found that the wings do not move up and down rather moves to and from. Since air is denser, it tries to push the air downwards and lift itself upwards.
Answer:
Incomplete dominance is the inheritance pattern where the dominant allele did not mask the recessive allele completely and form a mix of both alleles. Here the inheritance is the incomplete inheritance. The ratio of F2 generation is 1:2:1.
Given:
R1R1 = 42
R2R2 = 39
R1R2 = 86
Total R1 alleles = 2*42+86 = 170
Total R2 alleles = 2*39+86 = 164
Total alleles = 334
Frequency of allele R1 = 170/334 = 0.51
Frequency of allele R2 = 164 / 334 = 0.49
Expected number of each phenotype:
Total population = 167
Blue = R1R1 = 0.51 * 0.51 * 167 = 43.44
Green = R2R2 = 0.49 * 0.49 * 167 = 40.10
Cyan = 2*R1*R2 = 2*0.51*0.49*167 = 83.46
Phenotype Observed(O) Expected (E) O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
Blue 42 43.44 -1.44 2.0736 0.0477
cyan 86 83.46 2.54 6.4516 0.0773
green 39 40.1 -1.1 1.2100 0.0302
Total 167 167 0.1552
Chi-square value = 0.155
Degrees of freedom = no. of phenotypes – 1
Df = 3-1 = 2
Critical value = 5.99
Chi-square value of 0.155 is less than the critical value of 5.99. So we accept the null hypothesis.
