<span>The Roosevelt Corollary noted that European nations would not be allowed to interfere in the financial affairs of Latin American nations. In 1905, Roosevelt signed an Executive Order that would allow the US to collect on the debts of the Dominican Republic. The Senate felt that this was a usurpation of their authority to collect duties and taxes, and thereby pressed the administration to re-work the agreement, which was then released in 1905 in such form, but failed to receive the 2/3 vote necessary for ratification. After Roosevelt used the doctrine of modus vivendi to collect the duties, an acceptable treaty was drafted and ratified in early 1907.</span>
Judicial Review is the power of the U.S. Supreme Court to review laws and actions from Congress and the President to determine whether they are constitutional. Each branch limits each other so they all have equal power.
Through the many wars and peace congresses of the 18th century, European diplomacy strove to maintain a balance between five great powers: Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. At the century’s end, however, the French Revolution, France’s efforts to export it, and the attempts of Napoleon I to conquer Europe first unbalanced and then overthrew the continent’s state system. After Napoleon’s defeat, the Congress of Vienna was convened in 1814–15 to set new boundaries, re-create the balance of power, and guard against future French hegemony. It also dealt with international problems internationally, taking up issues such as rivers, the slave trade, and the rules of diplomacy. The Final Act of Vienna of 1815, as amended at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) in 1818, established four classes of heads of diplomatic missions—precedence within each class being determined by the date of presentation of credentials—and a system for signing treaties in French alphabetical order by country name. Thus ended the battles over precedence. Unwritten rules also were established. At Vienna, for example, a distinction was made between great powers and “powers with limited interests.” Only great powers exchanged ambassadors. Until 1893 the United States had no ambassadors; like those of other lesser states, its envoys were only ministers.
<span>A. They faced disease and starvation</span>
