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vazorg [7]
2 years ago
14

Which of the following are safety guidelines when socializing online?

Computers and Technology
1 answer:
DochEvi [55]2 years ago
3 0

Answer:

All of them execpt five and three.

Explanation:

It is okay to have social media and receive messages.

You might be interested in
Entering the formula =SUM(C5:C18) in cell C19 will result in which of the following?
frozen [14]
Well the result shown in C19 will show the sum of all cells from C5 to C18:
ie: C5 + C6+ C7+ C8+ C9+ C10+ C11+ C12+ C13+ C14+ C15+ C16+ C17+ C18

:)
3 0
3 years ago
One of the earlier applications of crypto-graphic hash functions was the storage of passwords to authenticate usersin computer s
vagabundo [1.1K]

Answer: provided in the explanation part.

Explanation:

This is actually quite long but nevertheless i will make it as basic as possible.

Question (a)  

Attack A:

One way property of hash means that we can't find the input string if given the hash value. The calculation of hash from input string is possible but it is not possible to calculate the input string when given the hash. If the hash function is properly created to have one-way property then there is no way of finding the exact input string. So this attack won't work as the one-way property of hash function can't be broken if the hash function is properly created.

Attack B:

Suppose h() is the hash function. And h(x) = m where x is the string and m is the hash. Then trying to find another string y such that h(y) = m is called finding out the second pre-image of the hash.

Although we can't know the exact initial string for sure, we can by using brute force method find out a second preimage.

This attack will take a very long time. It has the time complexity of 2n. It requires the attacker to have an idea about the kind of passwords that might be used and then brute force all of them to find the string that has the same hash. Each try will have a chance of 1/2n to succeed.

Rainbow attack using rainbow table is often used for such brute-force attack. This comprises a rainbow table which contains passwords and their pre-hashed values.

Therefore, it is not possible to determine the second preimages of h so easily.

Attack C:

Collisions refer to finding out m and m' without knowing any of them. Finding out collisions is easier than finding preimages. This is because after finding out 2n pairs of input/output. The probability of two of them having the same output or hash becomes very high. The disadvantage is that we can't decide which user's hash to break. However, if I do not care about a particular user but want to get as many passwords as possible, then this method is the most feasible.

It has the time complexity of 2n/2.

Hence, this is the attack which has the most success rate in this scenario.

Question (b)

The brute force way of finding out the password usually involves using a rainbow attack. It comprises a rainbow table with millions of passwords and their hashes already computed. By matching that table against the database, the password can be recovered.

Therefore it is often preferred to salt the password. It means we add some random text to the password before calculating the hash.

The salts are usually long strings. Although users usually do not select long passwords, so a rainbow table with hashes of smaller passwords is feasible. But once salt is used, the rainbow table must accommodate for the salt also. This makes it difficult computationally. Although password might be found in the rainbow table. The salt can be anything and thus, make brute-force a LOT more difficult computationally.

Therefore salt is preferred to be added to passwords before computing their hash value.

Question (c)

A hash output length of 80 means there can be exactly 280 different hash values. This means there is at least one collision if 280+1 random strings are hashed because 280 values are used to accommodate all the possible strings. It is not hard with today's computation power to do match against more than this many strings. And doing so increases the probability of exposing a probable password of a user.

Hence, 80 is not a very secure value for the hash length.

cheers i hope this helps!!!!

6 0
3 years ago
a.Write a Python function sum_1k(M) that returns the sum푠푠= ∑1푘푘푀푀푘푘=1b.Compute s for M = 3 by hand and write
stealth61 [152]

Answer:

def sum_1k(M):

   s = 0

   for k in range(1, M+1):

       s = s + 1.0/k

   return s

def test_sum_1k():

   expected_value = 1.0+1.0/2+1.0/3

   computed_value = sum_1k(3)

   if expected_value == computed_value:

       print("Test is successful")

   else:

       print("Test is NOT successful")

test_sum_1k()

Explanation:

It seems the hidden part is a summation (sigma) notation that goes from 1 to M with 1/k.

- Inside the <em>sum_1k(M)</em>, iterate from 1 to M and calculate-return the sum of the expression.

- Inside the <em>test_sum_1k(),</em> calculate the <em>expected_value,</em> refers to the value that is calculated by hand and <em>computed_value,</em> refers to the value that is the result of the <em>sum_1k(3). </em>Then, compare the values and print the appropriate message

- Call the <em>test_sum_1k()</em> to see the result

8 0
2 years ago
1. Which of the following is required to create a computer simulation?
Sonbull [250]
1. Data
2. Input
3. Experimentation
4. Calculates Physics
5. You owe me.
6. Do your work next time.
7. You will never be able to enjoy a nice pipe and gin and use an app like this like a trivia game if you don't force yourself to completely understand your work.
8. I sound like your dad.
9. I am right.
6 0
3 years ago
What would a match() property that passed the expression /^[0-9]/ check for?
lord [1]

Answer:

E

Explanation:

I took the test

7 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
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