Sparta was ruled by two kings, who ruled until they died or were forced out of office. Athens was ruled by archons, who were elected annually. Thus, because both parts of Athens' government had leaders who were elected, Athens is said to have been the birthplace of democracy. Spartan life was simple.
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Through laws that guaranteed them equal access to education
Thomas Jefferson. Now I just have to make this "at least 20 characters to explain it well". I'm not entirely sure how to explain Thomas Jefferson more though.