<span>A hapten is one of Ruthie's symptoms that is an example of an innate defense mechanism. The hapten is a molecule which is small and it is not antigenic. The hapten also stimulates the process of production of antibodies in our own body.</span>
1. is the second answer I believe and 2. is the first answer
I hope this helps
Bacteria produce restriction endonucleases, or restriction enzymes, that recognize and cut up foreign DNA, including certain phage DNA.
They probably will be abiotic because they’re non living. If my answer was wrong, kindly remove my comment. Thanks