Answer:
Plasmodesmata play roles in both cellular communication and in molecule translocation. Plant cells must work together as part of a multicellular organism (the plant); in other words, the individual cells must work to benefit the common good. Therefore, communication between cells is crucial for plant survival.
The answer is B mutualism
Answer:
a. resolve the branching patterns (evolutionary history) of the Lophotrochozoa
b. (the same, it is repeated)
Explanation:
Nemertios (ribbon worms) and foronids (horseshoe worms) are closely related groups of lofotrocozoa. Lofotrocozoans, or simply trocozoans (= tribomastic celomados with trocophoric larva) are a group of animals that includes annelids, molluscs, endoprocts, brachiopods and other invertebrates. They represent a crucial superphylum for our understanding of the evolution of bilateral symmetry animals. However, given the inconsistency between molecular and morphological data for these groups, their origins were not entirely clear. In the work linked above, the first records of genomes of the Nemertine worm Notospermus geniculatus and the foronid Phoronis australis are presented, along with transcriptomes along the adult bodies. Our phylogenetic analyzes based on the genome place Nemertinos as the sister group of the taxon that contains Phoronidea and Brachiopoda. It is shown that lofotrocozoans share many families of genes with deuterotomes, suggesting that these two groups retain a common genetic repertoire of bilaterals that do not possess ecdisozoans (arthropods, nematodes) or platizoos (platelets, sydermats). Comparative transcriptomics demonstrates that foronid and brachiopod lofophores are similar not only morphologically, but also at the molecular level. Although the lofophore and vertebrates show very different cephalic structures, the lofophorees express the vertebrate head genes and neuronal marker genes. This finding suggests a common origin of the bilaterial pattern of the head, although different types of head will evolve independently in each lineage. In addition, we recorded innate immunity expansions of lineage-specific and toxin-related genes in both lofotrocozoa and deuterostomes. Together, this study reveals a dual nature of lofotrocozoans, in which the conserved and specific characteristics of the lineage shape their evolution.
Answer:
Man's genotype: XᴮY
Woman's genotype: XᴮXᵇ
Daughter's genotype: XᵇXᵇ
The daughter is not the man's child.
Explanation:
Color blindness is a sex-linked trait caused by a recessive allele located in the X chromosome (Xᴮ=normal vision; Xᵇ-color blind).
Women have two X chromosomes, while men have an X and a Y chromosomes. For that reason, women need to have two recessive alleles to be color blind, while men only need one Xᵇ to be colorblind.
Since the man has normal color vision, his genotype would be XᴮY.
If the daughter is her father's, she would have inherited his dominant Xᴮ allele, so she would have normal vision. However, she is colorblind, so her genotype is XᵇXᵇ. She is not the man's daughter.
The mother also has normal color vision, but her daughter inherited a recessive allele from her, so her genotype is heterozygous XᴮXᵇ.
