Synonyms for Make up would be comprise, for look forward would be look ahead, and get up would be rise.
The type of figurative language that is used in the sentence from George Orwell's novel Keep the Aspidistra Flying is a metaphor. A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two different things in an implied way. In this line, the public is compared to a swine and advertising is compared to the rattling of a stick inside a swill-bucket.
The second one: a man of much learning is not essential is an additional characteristic of the pastor so it’s right to put it between commas. Divinity must be written uppercase since it’s the name of the school and not an adjective I think