Universal causes for a spread of arid environment are unsustainable agriculture practices and overgrazing. Agriculture uses 85 percent of water in this region. It is common to misuse land by heavy irrigation in the Middle East. Water scarcity has damaged the standard of living for inhabitants of the Middle East.
The correct answer is <em>structuralism. </em>This approach focuses on identifying structures of the human mind. He also founded the firs psychology laboratory.
The author is making a cultural allusion, therefore comparing the character to something in our present day culture. I hope this will guide you towards the right answer.