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The position of caliph became hereditary during the Umayyad Caliphate, making it the first Islamic dynasty. ... One of the responsibilities of the Caliph was to protect the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
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People from all over Europe and even from other continents moved towards the new industry-centres in England, France and Germany.
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Industrial revolution introduced new means of transportation that made it easier to move over longer distances. That is why people were moving to England, France, and Germany.
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<span>In the 19th century, Manifest Destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America. </span>
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What one makes of all this will depend in part on how one understands the American political tradition. Many liberals view the rejection of liberalism as an alarming threat to "liberal democracy" — and American democracy, in particular — along with the institutions and values associated with it, which include representative government, the separation of powers, free markets, and religious liberty and tolerance. Their concerns are valid, insofar as some of liberalism's most vocal critics on the right and left indict the American political project and its founding as both misbegotten and irredeemably liberal.
