Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation:
Labeling theory of crime and deviance is a form of social theory that concluded that people behave defiantly according to the label at which they were given.
For example, if someone is called a by a popular thug name, such a person would start behaving like that particular thug.
There are criticisms of the labeling theory of crime and deviance, some of which are:
1. It does not clarify the main deviance or the reason people take offense in the first place which arises before they have been labeled
2. It suggests that deviants have no knowledge of their offense until they are labeled, but most know they are disobeying institutional standards
3. It does not clarify the source of labels. For example common practices and traditions system or capitalism principles.
Answer:
This is an example of embodied cognition.
Explanation:
Embodied cognition refers to the idea that the body can influence cognition, that is, the mental processes of thinking, knowing, judging, etc. According to your mother, the other person's judgment of you can be influenced by the bodily senses of taste and smell, for instance. A hot drink and the smell of cookies will certainly cause the person's body to feel good, comfortable. That will, in its turn, influence the person's mind, making him feel welcomed, happy. Consequently, that could influence that person's judgment of you.
Answer: Frame of reference
Explanation: A frame of reference could be referred to a set of ideas, assumption, schemas, values or belief on which an individual's decision, understanding or judgement is based. The frame of reference might introduces bias into an individual's understanding or judgement as the frame of reference differs from person to person. This might introduce a sort of bias into a person's concept of understanding by giving or creating meaning to our perception.
Frame of reference could yield breakdown in communication due to differences in belief, experience, assumptions or background of individuals thus, resulting in differences in encoding and interpretation of messages, stimulus or perception.
