To find the height of the lighthouse, use

to get that h = 14 (the tangent of 45 is 1). Now for the next question, you have to use the height you just solved for to find angle y. Use

and the inverse tangent button on your calculator tells us that the angle is 28.3. Now for the last question, use the supplement of 45 to get that the angle adjacent to y is 135. 180 - 135 - 28.3 = 16.7 That's your x value.
Memorize the side ratios of a 45-45-90 right triangle.
The ratio between the sides of this triangle is 1:1:Sqrt(2), which means that the length of the legs are equal, and the length of the hypotenuse is simply the leg length multiplied by the square root of two.
12 cm, use the pythagorean theorem: a^2+b^2=c^2
5^2+b^2=13^2
25+b^2=169
b^2=144
b=12
12 cm
Answer:
The transformation is a reflection across the y-axis.