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The European wars of religion were a series of Christian religious wars which were waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries.[1][2] Fought after the Protestant Reformation began in 1517, the wars disrupted the religious and political order in the Catholic countries of Europe. However, religion was only one of the causes, which also included revolts, territorial ambitions, and Great Power conflicts. For example, by the end of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Catholic France was allied with the Protestant forces against the Catholic Habsburg monarchy.[3] The wars were largely ended by the Peace of Westphalia (1648), establishing a new political order now known as Westphalian sovereignty.
The conflicts began with the minor Knights' Revolt (1522), followed by the larger German Peasants' War (1524–1525) in the Holy Roman Empire. Warfare intensified after the Catholic Church began the Counter-Reformation in 1545 against the growth of Protestantism. The conflicts culminated in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which devastated Germany and killed one-third of its population, a mortality rate twice that of World War I.[2][4] The Peace of Westphalia (1648) broadly resolved the conflicts by recognising three separate Christian traditions in the Holy Roman Empire: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism.[5][6] Although many European leaders were "sickened" by the bloodshed by 1648,[7] smaller religious wars continued to be waged in the post-Westphalian period until the 1710s, including the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651) on the British Isles, the Savoyard–Waldensian wars (1655–1690), and the Toggenburg War (1712) in the Western Alps.[2]
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<span>I don't really feel like there was much of a model in the west Indies. So many different British peoples throughout a few hundred years that tried colonizing the area that, to my knowledge, there were a number of clashes not a whole lot worked. In ways, this could serve as a reminder to other colonizers that the road to full colonization was going to be a bumpy one.</span>
The single most central issue in both the John Peter Zenger case (1734–1735) and the controversy over the Pentagon Papers (1971) was "<span>freedom of the press"</span>
C kingdoms are ruled by one person but a state has many governments like California
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At the time, support for Reconstruction was dwindling across the nation. ... The nation's economic woes, and allegations of rampant corruption in Ulysses S. Grant's presidential administration, helped Democrats win control of the House of Representatives in 1874 for the first time since the war.
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