The political, economic, and diplomatic crises of the 1780s played a great role in shaping the Constitution because they proved that the United States needed a much stronger central government that could tax freely and engage with other countries.
British Parliament implemented the Coercive Acts, known to the American colonists as the Intolerable Acts, to punish the residents of Boston for the Boston Tea Party and strengthen British control over Massachusetts. The British hoped to use strict martial law to isolate Boston and New England from the other colonies.
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The crusades affected Europeans and Muslims very differently. For the former, their expulsion from the Middle East in 1291 was a temporary setback on the road to world hegemony. The Islamic world, on the other hand, began a process of cultural decline despite its victory over the Crusaders.
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