In most systems for reducing pollution using an effluent fee, the government is directly involved as a fee collector. For exampl
e, at one point in time the Italian government decided to implement an effluent fee system aimed at reducing secondhand smoke in restaurants, however, it put the restaurants at the center of enforcement efforts. If a customer lights up a cigarette in a smoke-free zone in a restaurant in Italy, its managers were legally bound to charge the violator a fine as part of the bill and to transmit the amount of the fine to the government. Many restaurant owners refused to participate in the government's program. Some worried about losing customers they penalize. Others simply did not want to go to the trouble to collect the government's fees without receiving compensation for the tax-collecting expenses they would incur. Consequently, the Italian government's effluent-fee system has seemingly failed to reduce secondhand smoke in restaurants. For Critical Analysis: How might the Italian government redesign its effluent-fee system so that it more effectively cuts down on the spillover costs incurred by nonsmoking patrons of restaurants
The Italian government can increase the efficiency of its effluent system by becoming creating a law that makes it illegal to smoke in smoke-free zones.
<h3>What is an Effluent?</h3>
This refers to wastes that are secreted or released into the air, water, or underground channels.
Examples of effluents are:
Liquid factory waste
Smoke
Sewage etc.
See the link below for more about the effluent system:
– UNIDO – Tổ chức Phát triển Công nghiệp Liên Hiệp Quốc
– Aide et Action International
– IntraHealth International
– The Asia Foundation
Explanation:
Tổ chức phi chính phủ phủ là tổ chức quốc tế trong đó các thành viên tham gia không phải là chính phủ, tổ chức phi chính phủ được thành lập một cách tự nguyện, hợp pháp không vì lợi nhuận, thúc đẩy sự phát triển trong công nghệ, khoa học kỹ thuật…
b. social benefits will be greater than private benefits
Explanation:
Positive externalities can be defined as those that produce positive effects for society in relation to the consumption of a good or service.
This is because the social benefit is the sum of the private benefit plus the sum of the external benefit.
An example of positive externality pertinent to the present is the fact that vaccinating people generates greater positive effects on society, because when vaccinating an individual there is less chance of having more people infected with some disease.
So it is correct to say that the social benefits will be greater than the private ones. Letter b.
Based on the given scenario above, the type of restriction that is being shown is called CURRENCY DEVALUATION. When there is devaluation in the currency, this would mean that the given currency would have a lesser value as based on an exchanged rate system with reference to foreign currency.
