The eighteenth century saw a host of social, religious, and intellectual changes across the British Empire. While the Great Awakening emphasized vigorously emotional religiosity, the Enlightenment promoted the power of reason and scientific observation. Both movements had lasting impacts on the colonies.
The murder mass amounts of people by using the way of genocide
Byzantium/Constantinople was conquered in 1451, but the empire continued to decline starting around the 18th or 19th centuries. It officially died in WWI. As for how long it was a major threat to Europe, the empire's prime was the 16th century, under Suleiman the Magnificent.
Indians- india virtually clothes the entire world, cotton textiles, mathematics, numerals, and invention of zero.
Malays- most intrepid sailors of the time period, many delivered goods from South China to East Africa, spices cloves ,nutmeg, & mace.
Chinese- champa rice, printing, gunpowder, Daoism, Buddhism, compass, silk improved in india, middle east, north africa and islamic spain. Discovering a silver mine as well as gold.