Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body. Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person's genes.
Genes are contained in chromosomes, which are in the cell nucleus.
A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes.Every normal human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
A trait is any gene-determined characteristic and is often determined by more than one gene.Some traits are caused by mutated genes that are inherited or that are the result of a new gene mutation.
The body produces thousands of different enzymes. Thus, the entire structure and function of the body is governed by the types and amounts of proteins the body synthesizes. Protein synthesis is controlled by genes, which are contained on chromosomes.
the genotype is a complete set of instructions on how that person’s body synthesizes proteins and thus how that body is supposed to be built and function.
The phenotype is the actual structure and function of a person’s body. The phenotype is how the genotype manifests in a person—not all the instructions in the genotype may be carried out (or expressed). Whether and how a gene is expressed is determined not only by the genotype but also by the environment (including illnesses and diet) and other factors, some of which are unknown.
A karyotype is a picture of the full set of chromosomes in a person’s cells.