<span>A photon of UV light causes mutations in the double-stranded DNA via a photochemical reaction. The product of such photochemical reaction in DNA is a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer. Dimers may be repaired by mechanisms of photoreactivation or nucleotide excision repair (NER), but if the repair doesn’t occur dimers are mutagenic.
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UV light is absorbed by a double bond in pyrimidine bases (thymine and cytosine in DNA). The bond is opened and UV-modified base can now react with neighbouring molecules. If neighbouring molecule is another pyrimidine base, the UV-modified base forms direct covalent bonds with it. A cyclic ring (cyclobutane), not normally found in DNA, is formed (links the two pyrimidines). Next step is forming a single bond between two carbon atoms on the rings.The product of this reaction is a 6-4 molecule pyrimidine-pyrimidone which is more mutagenic than cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers.</span>
Answer:
True
- The aorta pumps out blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
The correct answer is - A) arthropods evolved before vertebrates did.
The arthropods have evolved much earlier than the vertebrates. They were on the scene millions of years before the earliest marine forms of the vertebrates. Because the arthropods were on the scene much earlier, they managed to use the newly formed suitable environment on the land. They were initially marine, but with only slight adaptations they were able to adapt to the terrestrial life.
Once the arthropods got out of the marine environment and started to take up the niches in the terrestrial environment, they experienced a real explosion in their evolution and diversification. They were the dominant land dwellers, and because of the lack of competition, as well as the higher levels of oxygen, they managed to reach pretty big sizes for their standards. Unfortunately for them, their brain capacity is limited to a very low level, so once the competition came on the scene, they were quickly pushed from the throne as the dominant terrestrial creatures.
