Answer:
multicellular; single celled organisms are often too tiny to be seen without a microscope
-The number of B cells producing the antibody is proportional to the concentration of that antibody.
-On day 16, one out of 100000 B cells are specific for antigen A
\frac{1}{100000} = 1 x 10⁻⁵ B cells
- on day 16, Antibody concentration is 2 × 10¹= 20 Antibodies
- on day 36, antibody concentration 8 × 10³.= 8000
20 antibodies ------------ 1 x 10⁻⁵ B cells
8000 antibodies--------------x
x= (8000 x 1 x 10⁻⁵)/ 20
x= 4x10⁻³ or 1 in 250 are <span>B cells specific for antigen A</span>
I think that the answer is 12 billion. So sorry if I am not right.
Answer:
a) There are lots of genes on chromosome 1 could be affected, and the gametes could be imbalanced (missing segments of DNA or whole chromosomes)
b) Roughly 50%
c) No. I would advise that the couple undergo preimplantation genetic diagnosis, so that a zygote carrying the normal copy of chromosome 1 could be selected.
Explanation:
Chromosome 1 is one of the largest and most gene rich chromosomes. An inversion that covers 70% of its length would cover lots of genes.
While an inversion on its own would not seem problematic (as all the genes on the chromosome are still there), when it comes to meiosis, the sister chromatids would not be able to correctly align, and crossing over would further complicate this. It could also lead to unbalanced gametes missing entire parts of the chromosome. Therefore, there are likely numerous genes that will be affected and messed up by the inversion.
This could explain the high incidence of past still births, as if lots of genes are affected, and non-functional, the pregnancy would be rendered non-viable, or highly deleterious causing premature death.
b) There is a 50% chance of a child inheriting the defective copy of chromosome 1 (and 50% of a chance of them inheriting the normal chromosome 1. Therefore, there is likely a 50% chance that future offspring would be affected by defects
c) No. I would advise that the couple undergo preimplantation genetic diagnosis. In this, the couple undergoes in vitro fertilization (IVF). When embryos are produced through IVF, they can then be tested for the presence of the abnormal chromosome. Embryos will only be implanted into the mother if the normal chromosome 1 is present.
