Group member roles that reduce group success are ego tripper, negative artist, aggressor, jokester, avoider and that means all of these qualities can be detrimental for a group. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is option "d" or the fourth option. These qualities can be the reason behind the failure of a team.
The view that elderly people need to remain active in a variety of social spheres is called the activity theory. It is one theory of aging that proposes older people are most happy when they are active and has social interactions. These activities would help these people to not think of the lost life roles after they retire. It assumes a relationship between life satisfaction and activity that is positive.
First one; Reinforcement and second one; Biologically.
<em>Hope this helped! :)</em>
