1. brown and red in color to help blend into their dry habitat
2. a weasel-like body that helps them maneuver around bushes, trees, and predetors
1. they typically live alone and hunt mainly during the night time. this helps them keep a low profile in large plains
2. they made a wide variety of sounds, some for fun, some for mating, some to luring prey
Answer:
Exosomes as Therapeutic Target
Given the fact that elevated exosome levels are often correlated with greater severity of different types of cancer, reducing circulating exosomes to normal levels is one of therapeutic strategies to increase treatment efficacy. There are different approaches to modulate exosome production: 1) Inhibition of exosome formation: inhibit crucial proteins involved in exosome formation pathway; 2) Inhibition of exosome release: inhibit important regulators of exosome release process, increased intracellular Ca2+, change cellular microenvironmental pH; 3) Inhibition of exosome uptake: add proteinase for surface proteins on exosomes may serve as receptors for uptake pathways. In addition to control exosomes production, removal of exosomes from the entire circulatory system might be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
Exosomes could also be used as cancer immunotherapy becasue tumor-derived exosomes carry antigens that is a great source of specific stimulus for the immune response against tumors. Both tumor-derived and dendritic cell-derived exosomes have showed capability to stimulate tumor antigen-specific responses in experimental animal models and human clinical trials.
Exosomes as Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles
Exosomes became one of the most common methods applied in drug delivery system because of several advantages they have. Firstly, exosomes normally have a small size 40-100 nm, which is more homogenous compared to other microvesicles. This will lead them to evade rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte and enhances passage through fenestrations in the vessel wall. Secondly, due to their endogenous origin, they are less toxic for and better tolerated by the immune system. It facilitates them to avoid causing side effects that normally occur with synthetic nanoparticles. Additionally, the specific ligand or protein expressed on the exosome surface increases efficiency of cargo into the cytosol of the target cell, and therefore fewer off-target effects. Exosomes are generally found most useful as a drug delivery medium in cancer therapy, anti-inflammation and gene interference therapy such as transferring of miRNA.
There are different kinds of cargos encapsulated by exosomes, especially like siRNA or miRNA. The delivery of RNA is attracting because they are rapid degradation in cell circulation and have the limitation in passing through the membrane and in cellular uptake. Chemotherapeutics loaded into exosomes is also used for cancer therapy such as doxorubicin. In principle, there are four key components to achieve correct functionality and efficacy during exosomes drug delivery:1) Choosing the donor cell type to produce drug-carrying exosomes; 2) Using correspond methods to encapsulate the exosomes cargo; 3) Enhancing the specificity of cargo delivery by targeting peptides on the surface of the exosomes; 4) Administrating exosomes to target the area of disease.
Explanation:
https://www.creative-biostructure.com/exosome-applications-652.htm
Answer:
No, there are no organisms that will not fall into these categories
Explanation:
Living organisms interact with one another in their natural environment in order to ensure that energy needed for their metabolic activities is obtained. To do this, each organism plays different or specific roles. The roles that every organism must fall into are as follows:
- Producers are groups of organisms that have the ability to synthesize their own food using light (photosynthesis) or chemicals (chemosynthesis). Examples are green plants, algae, some bacteria etc.
- Consumers- These are organisms that lack the ability to synthesize their own food and hence depend on other organisms for their energy source. Consumers can either be herbivores (eat plants) or carnivores (eat flesh) etc. Examples are all animals etc.
- Decomposers- These are organism that have the ability to breakdown dead organisms into organic matter, thereby, adding nutrients back to the soil. Examples are fungi, bacteria, earthworm etc.
Based on this explanation above, no organism will not fall into any of these three categories. Some can even occupy two roles.
