Before steam engines most factories were powered by wind or water or horse!!
The reason Thomas Jefferson gave American explorer Meriwether Lewis a cipher was that his expedition was not only scientific and commercial but colonial. Jefferson knew that all those vast lands and territories were to be taken by the United States to keep Spain or Britain from taking them first. He understood that having an access to the Pacific Ocean would provide a great position for the new nation to commerce with Asia. Thus, he made sure to provide Lewis with a way to communicate with him secretly in the event that both him and William Clark were ever captured by military forces of the rivaling European powers or even by the Native Americans.
Indeed, the Spanish Empire had claims to the lands that Lewis and Clark were exploring and the existence of the expedition was disclosed to them by American general James Wilkinson, who was a paid spy for the Spaniards. Four armed Spanish expeditions were sent by the Spanish Authorities to capture and interrogate Lewis and Clark but they were never able to find them.
Answer:
were generally those which had fed on whisky malt leftovers from breweries.
Explanation:
resembling steel in color, brightness, or strength
coldly determined; hard.
I would say 30,000 cause all the next developments were from the 1860's forward and that is when huge growth happened, after 1860.
The correct answers are D) he defeated a Muslim invasion from Spain.
<em>The important victory that the founder of the Carolingians achieved was that he defeated a Muslim invasion from Spain. </em>
In the Battle of Tours of October 732, Charles Martel defeated the Muslims and prevented the invasion in Spanish territories. So, yes, the important victory that the founder of the Carolingians achieved was that he defeated a Muslim invasion from Spain. The battle was held in the West-Central French region of Poitiers and Tours. Martel defeated the Emir of Cordova’s troops and one of the consequences of the victory was to prevent Muslims ideas and beliefs into French territories.