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1 year ago

HELP, define genetic engineering and Describe how DNA is modified for use in genetic engineering.

Biology

1 answer:

Xelga [282]1 year ago

6 0

Answer:

Genetic engineering is deliberate modification of genome to gain desired traits.

The main steps of genetic engineering:

Restriction enzymes are used to isolate the required gene leaving it with sticky ends. Sticky ends are a short section of unpaired bases A vector, which is usually a bacterial plasmid or a virus, is cut by the same restriction enzyme leaving it with corresponding sticky ends. The vector and the isolated gene are joined together by ligase enzyme. The vector inserts the gene into required cells. The genes are transferred to animal, plant or microorganism cells, during early development, which allows them to develop with the desired characteristics.

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Species a diverged from species b 60,000 years ago. On a particular gene, they have 15 nucleotide differences. How many nucleoti

a_sh-v [17]

The given question says that b species diverged around 60,000 year ago from species a. Since the divergence, they have a nucleotide difference of 15 nucleotide.

We need to find out the nucleotide difference in another 240,000 year, which means a total of 300,000 year since divergence.

The nucleotide difference in 60,000 years = 15 nucleotide.

The nucleotide difference in 1 year = $\frac{15}{60,000}$ nucleotide.

The nucleotide difference in 300,000 years = $\frac{15}{60,000}\times 300,000$ nucleotide.

The nucleotide difference in 300,000 years = 75 nucleotide.

Hence, after another 240,000 years or 300,000 years since divergence, the species and species b would show a difference of 75 nucleotide.

In another 240,000 years, there would be 60 nucleotide difference, as 15 of the nucleotide are already different in initial 60,000 years from the total of 75 nucleotide difference in 300,000 years. So, 60 (75-15) nucleotide difference would be observed in next 240,000 years.

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2 years ago

Describe the molecules in a solid. How is that different than molecules in gas?

Lostsunrise [7]

Answer:

The molecules in a solid are more closely packed than those in a gas. Gas molecules are VERY spread apart, which is why we cannot see them.

Explanation:

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2 years ago

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Two species of warblers colonize the same island habitat. Both species nest in similar locations and eat the same type of prey.

GuDViN [60]

Answer:

D. Be eliminated

Explanation:

Competition in biology is the process of interaction between two or more organisms, which are using the same resources e.g food, space, mate or occupying the same ecological niche. Competition between organisms often result in one or bother organisms getting harmed due to the strive for a limited resource.

Hence, in the case of two warblers occupying the same habitat and feeding on the same prey, competition is inevitable between these two species of organism. Therefore, the competition will eventually cause one of the species to be eliminated or killed.

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3 years ago

Choose the true statement(s) about mutations. To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be m

Kazeer [188]

Answer

All four options ( A,B,C,D ) are true about mutations.

Explanation:

A- Mutation can provide an evolutionary benefits

As mutation helps in creating DNA sequence ,new allele(variant of gene) for a specific gene , thus mutations is known to be the first step of evolution.

B- Mutation leads to genetic and phenotypic variation within the species.

In mutation, genetic variation (difference between individual/population) takes place as new alleles are created ,random matings ,fertilization and during meiosis , recombination of homologous chromosomes. One of the type of mutation called gene mutation give rise to genetic variations.

Its an exceptional case of phenotypic variations ,as mostly there is no effect of mutation on phenotypic variation. Very few mutations lead to phenotype variation and in case mutation takes place in phenotype variation ,making the organism well suited to the environment, the a rapid change in the characterstics of the individual species is seen.

C- In humans, the somatic cell mutation are not passed in offsprings.

Somatic cells are present in all over the body except in the cells that give rise to gametes( ie. egg and sperm cells) and produces offsprings . Thus somatic cells are absent in gametic cells ,therefore mutation cannot be passed to human's offsprings or children.

D- Evolution rates are faster in bacteria than in humans because most mutations in human cells are silent.

Due to their fast growth ,bacteria evolve quickly and share genes with each other and even between the species ,also the mutation that are helpful spread faster in bacteria.

In humans, the silent mutation in human cells cause many genetic disorders like Laron dwarfism. About 99.8% genes are silent mutation.

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2 years ago

What's the function of stomata in plants

Gwar [14]

Plants use their stomata to take in Carbon dioxide and take out oxygen during photosynthesis. It's how they "breathe" if that makes it more understandable.

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2 years ago

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