The body's nonspecific defiance against invading pathogens is known as innate immunity and includes the following:
mechanical barriers and surface secretions
1. The intact skin and mucous membranes of the body. These provide a high degree of protection against pathogens.
2. The sebaceous secretions and sweat of the skin contain bactericidal and fungicidal fatty acids that can kill bacteria and fungi.
3. Normal bacterial flora of the skin may produce various antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocines and acids.
Humoral defence mechanisms
1. Lysozyme. This is an enzyme found in most tissue fluids apart from cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and sweat. It can kill bacteria.
2. Interferon. Inhibits viruses from replicating
3. Complement. This is a heat labile serum that can destroy gram-negative bacteria.
Answer:
Ecologists
Explanation
often estimate the size and density of populations using quadrats and the mark-recapture method. A population can also be described in terms of the distribution, or dispersion, of the individuals that make it up. Individuals may be distributed in a uniform, random, or clumped pattern.
Answer:
cell
Explanation:
cell constist of nucleus and other organelles
there would be a 50 50 chance for the child to have it depending on the genes on the grandparents
Answer:
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Explanation:
