The peak of the Ottoman Empire was the year 1683, when it had conquered a big portion of Europe and almost reached Vienna. The fact that it did not manage to conquer Vienna was the beginning of its demise.
The war greatly enlarged their debt
The event was the Meiji Restoration was the event launched a period of rapid industrialisation and Westernisation in Japan during the 19th Century. This brought back traditional Japanese rule and led to modernisation.
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monetary inflation occurring at a very high rate.
