Answer:
We'll take this one after the other.
A. First Physical Asset Valuation (PAV) refers to the act of writing up or writing down the carrying value of an organisations assets in its balance sheet.
In simple terms, it refers to increasing upwards or downwards the value of an organisations asset in its balance sheet.
When assets are written down, the following are likely to occur:
Critical changes to an organization’s business model or strategy, such as termination of the business and loss of a regulatory licence;
A significant reduction in the cash flow or bottom line of the business;
when the long term growth rates, interest rates or other financial factors such as prices or value of currencies, upon which a business valuation based decline, this impacts the valuation of an asset negatively.
B. Research and Development (R&D)
R&D refers to all the studies, scientific investigations and experiments carried out to enable the discovery and creation of a new or innovative product or service that is more efficient and effective.
The reason there is a risk associated with R&D is that there are usually many elements of uncertainty.
The ideas being tested are usually novel and have not been tried before.
Some of the risks associated with R&D are:
the possibility that the new product will fail in the market;
a new product or service that is does not work
the possibility of cost creep. That is a situation where the cost of the R&D outweighs the potential profit from the product or service.
Cheers!
