I cannot found the exercise anywhere, so I will just explain how the toxin works.
A toxin is a toxic substance made by a living organism such as a bacterium, a fungus, a plant or an animal.
Labil toxins are toxins which are by easily degraded. among these toxins, there is the toxin of Escherichia coli and the cholera toxin of <span>Vibrio cholerea.
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The intracellular target of cholera toxin is adenylate cyclase, one of the most important eukaryotic cell regulatory systems. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of ATP into a cyclic AMP (cAMP), a crucial intracellular messenger in a wide variety of cellular processes.
Cholera toxin catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) to a specific arginine residue of the Gsa protein, resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase and consequently the increase of the intracellular level cAMP. AMPc activates a cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which leads to phosphorylation of the protein, modification of ion transport and finally diarrhea.
The answer is D. Hope I could help
Answer:
medium. (Science: cell biology) shorthand for culture medium or growth medium, the nutrient solution in which cells or organs are grown.
Explanation the top one is math mines biology
Experiment one, because she repeated the experiment several times.
Answer:
Answered below
Explanation:
On piercing his foot, the pain receptors called nociceptors, found in the skin, are activated. Nociceptors exist at the nerve endings of the primary afferent neurons. Signals travel along the first order neurons which have cell bodies within the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord. In the dorsal root ganglia, the signals are taken up at the synapse with the second order neurons which have cell bodies in the nuclei of the cranial nerves within the brainstem. These neurons ascend cranially in the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus. The third order neurons lie within the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. They terminate at the somatosensory cortex where the signals are being processed and returned as a sensation of pain.
