Engel v<span>. </span>Vitale<span>, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), was a landmark United States </span>Supreme Court case<span> that </span>ruled<span> it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools</span>
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On the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall—the most potent symbol of the cold-war division of Europe—came down. Earlier that day, the Communist authorities of the German Democratic Republic had announced the removal of travel restrictions to democratic West Berlin. Thousands of East Germans streamed into the West, and in the course of the night, celebrants on both sides of the wall began to tear it down.
The collapse of the Berlin Wall was the culminating point of the revolutionary changes sweeping East Central Europe in 1989. Throughout the Soviet bloc, reformers assumed power and ended over 40 years of dictatorial Communist rule. The reform movement that ended communism in East Central Europe began in Poland. Solidarity, an anti-Communist trade union and social movement, had forced Poland’s Communist government to recognize it in 1980 through a wave of strikes that gained international attention. In 1981, Poland’s Communist authorities, under pressure from Moscow, declared martial law, arrested Solidarity’s leaders, and banned the democratic trade union. The ban did not bring an end to Solidarity. The movement simply went underground, and the rebellious Poles organized their own civil society, separate from the Communist government and its edicts.
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80& of people were unemployment by 1933
to rebuild confidence in the nation's banking system
The net effect of the opinions delivered by the Marshall Court was that the Supreme Court became much more powerful--on par with the legislative and executive branches, which proves that Marshall believed that government should be limited with checks and balances.
