The answer is: conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned stimulus refers to the neutral stimulus that trigger a specific response after being associated for a prolonged period of time with unconditioned stimulus.
In the case above:
- the toilet flush is previously a neutral stimulus that does not trigger any response.
- The toilet flush later on paired with unconditioned stimulus (hot water) that make jeff scream in pain
- Because of this, the toilet flush become a conditioned stimulus. This make jeff associate the toilet flush with hot water and make him twitch whenever he hear toilet flush while bathing.
The idea that countries in Europe would defend themselves and that they were very proud of themselves was collectively known as nationalism. Nationalism was becoming increasingly popular in Europe during the 19th century.
<span>Direct democracy is impossible in today's society, because of the huge number of citizens in each country.</span>
It means free from the control of any foreign power and internally has a free government which is directly elected by the people and makes laws that govern the people.