Answer:
The 13th Amendment supposedly ended chattel slavery in the South, but the South managed to limit these actions in the following ways. The 13th Amendment allows involuntary servitude if convicted of a crime, so this served as a loophole in the amendment. The Southern whites also created "black codes." This led to new types of offenses for not showing proper respect to white people or malicious mischief. However, these offenses could range from a felony to a misdemeanor. Therefore, several black people were wrongly convicted of "crimes."
Explanation:
Answer:
The Italian city-states were a political phenomenon of small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian Peninsula between the 9th and the 15th centuries.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, urban settlements in Italy generally enjoyed a greater continuity than in the rest of western Europe. Many of these towns were survivors of earlier Etruscan, Umbrian and Roman towns which had existed within the Roman Empire. The republican institutions of Rome had also survived. Some feudal lords existed with a servile labour force and huge tracts of land, but by the 11th century, many cities, including Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa, Pisa, Lucca, Cremona, Siena, Città di Castello, Perugia, and many others, had become large trading metropoles, able to obtain independence from
Answer:
"...establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our posterity."
Explanation:
Quoted from the constitution
